PIPELINE
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Advantages of pipeline transportation
(1) Large volume of transportation.
An oil pipeline can continuously complete the delivery task. According to the size of its pipe diameter, its annual transportation volume can reach millions of tons to tens of millions of tons, or even more than 100 million tons.
(2) Occupy less land.
Transportation pipelines are usually buried underground and occupy very little land. The permanent land occupation of transportation pipelines is only 3% of that of roads and about 10% of that of railways
(3) The pipeline transportation construction period is short and the cost is low.
Compared with the construction period of the railway with the same capacity, the construction period of the pipeline transportation system is generally shorter by more than 1/3
pipelineproject
(4) Pipeline transportation is safe, reliable and continuous.
Because oil and gas are flammable, explosive, volatile, and easy to leak, pipeline transportation is safe and can greatly reduce volatilization loss. At the same time, air, water and soil pollution caused by leakage can also be greatly reduced
(5) Pipeline transportation consumes less energy, has low cost, and has good benefits.
Pipeline transportation is a continuous project, and there is no no-load travel in the transportation system, so the transportation efficiency of the system is high. Taking oil transportation as an example, the ratio of transportation costs among pipeline transportation, waterway transportation and railway transportation is 1:1:1.7.
Pipeline transportation
Pipeline transportation
Disadvantages of pipeline transportation
(1) poor flexibility
(2) Strong special type
(3) A strong franchise
(4) Large fixed investments
transportation system
In June 2022, the energy ministers of Algeria, Niger, and Nigeria revived a decades-old project to develop a gas pipeline that would traverse the Sahara Desert. Named the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP), the envisioned project would connect Nigeria's expansive Warri hydrocarbon fields to Algeria's Hassi R'Mel feeder hub on the Mediterranean coast. Up to a trillion cubic feet of natural gas annually will pass through 2,565 miles of pipeline, with Algeria's segment comprising 1,435 miles, more than half the total project length. This megaproject will offer substantial business opportunities in design and construction, and it will demand the contributions of various specialized suppliers.
TSGP
pipeline integrity
Prospects for Nansteel Manufacturing Co., Ltd suppliers include: gas oil casing tube, pipeline sections, pipe layers and processes, x-ray welding, pumps, fittings, valves, flanges, gaskets, pipeline integrity testing and inspection, advanced high-corrosion solutions, and flow measurement and maintenance technology. We are still providing a full range of multi-production and services to the end-user and intermediaries of this project.
To know more about other projects and orders, pls visit www.nan-steel.com or contact claire@nan-steel.com
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oil drill pipe
This article is the third and final in a series (OGJ, Nov. 23, 2009, p. 50; Dec. 7, 2009, p. 48) on the effects of recent developments on refineries and their use of gases to meet new regulatory and legislative requirements while avoiding major investments.
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This article addresses refineries' use of specialty gases, which are used in small quantities but are nevertheless of high value for refineries.
These gases especially help the refinery to ensure the correct product quality and meet regulations with respect to emissions into the environment.
Gas production plants are also discussed.
Specialty gases in refineries
Specialty gases are either very pure gases, rare gases, or gas mixtures of very high mixing accuracy used in such demanding applications as quality measurement for products and off-streams in the field and in the labs. Besides calibration purposes, this includes application as utilities for operation of such analytical devices as gas chromatographs.
These gases play an important, though not easily visible part in refineries, contributing to the optimum economy of a refinery.
Major specialty-gas companies can provide the complete range of specialty gases, both standard and tailored products, plus the services and equipment necessary for efficient use. In large companies, specialty gases are based on a long history of expertise and performance. These companies generally know or can determine what refiners need.
Applications
The most commonly known uses for gases in a refinery are in hydrogenating and inerting, possibly also in welding, since these are situations in which the gas is seen in operation. But specialty gases—although unseen—are used somewhere in almost every product chain.
For instance, measuring gasoline quality checks the result with the help of instruments calibrated with specialty gas mixtures. Carrier gases in gas chromatography are high-purity specialty gases. In emission control, specialty gases help to detect hazardous materials. During a turnaround of, for example, a distillation tower, one needs a specialty gas mixture for leak detection.
Following are some examples of application fields in which specialty gases and expertise in refining processes can make a big difference in economy.
Gas chromatography
Prominent among the analytical instruments used in refineries are gas chromatographs. In these devices, carrier gas transports gas components through the separation column and to the detection system. For this purpose, high-purity gases used are typically of a 5.0 purity, that is, more than 99.9990% purity. Especially used are N2, H2, argon, and helium of purity 5.0.
Of primary concern is the absence of specific trace components in these gases. This quality normally can be guaranteed by the gas supplier. Some detection systems call for dedicated supply of gases as utilities. For example, flame ionization detectors in refineries analyze hydrocarbons that are burned in these detectors by addition of fuels, such as H2 and an oxidant, typically artificial air. Even traces of hydrocarbons in this air stream would disturb the readings of the FID.
Controlling the quality of a product, especially concentration, involves comparing it with a specified gas mixture, the calibration gas. Such highly defined gases are needed not only for gas chromatography but also for calibration of other analytical instruments as, for example, ultraviolet or infrared spectrometers. Tailored gas mixtures are provided according to the specifications of the refinery, especially mixtures of hydrocarbons in H2, H2S in N2, hydrocarbons in butane, a specified amount (in parts per million) of CO in helium, mercaptans in helium, hydrocarbon mixtures in CO, and hydrocarbon mixtures in propane.
In addition, gases are provided for measurement during production, as in process control. These include, for example, mixtures of hydrocarbons in methane or in H2, methane in CO2, a specified amount (ppm) of O2 in N2, a specified amount (ppm) of CO in N2, and SO2 in N2.
Leak detection
Many systems in a refinery are checked for leaks with helium or helium mixtures. Tight systems are essential in any refinery section, whether piping in a sulfur-recovery unit or fractionator column of a fluid catalytic cracker. A leak of poisonous gas from a Claus plant or an explosive gas from a FCC unit can be disastrous.
Leak-testing procedures often use a gas mixture of helium in nitrogen. The helium passes through any leaks and is detected on the outside by a "sniffer," a mass spectrometer.
Stack control
Refineries must strictly control their emissions to the atmosphere. Chief among the toxic and hazardous pollutants are SO2, CO2, H2S, and NOx; but also CO must not be neglected.
The concentration of this highly toxic compound is always of concern when hydrocarbons are burnt, as in boilers. For example, when the regenerator of an FCC unit is operated in partial-burn mode and corresponding effluent gas is heavily loaded with CO, the efficiency of its combustion to CO2 is especially important. For incinerator systems generally, a certain surplus of oxidation air is a precondition for proper operation and therefore must be controlled.
For example gases containing appreciable amounts of so-called "totally reduced sulfur compounds," such as COS, CS2, and especially H2S—typically stemming from Claus units—are not only toxic but also prone to cause odors. Therefore such gases must be incinerated to gain exclusively SO2 as a sulfur-bearing emission component.
Correspondingly, for control of stack-gas quality, not only H2S and SO2 are measured but also oxygen content. Corresponding O2 on line analyzer—often on the basis of a paramagnetic measuring principle—for the sake of precision must be calibrated with a gas mixture of O2 in nitrogen that resembles the expected composition of the required O2 content of the emission stream, that is, only a few percent of O2 per volume.
Sometimes analysis of emissions takes place at the top of a stack requiring calibration at that point. As climbing a stack carrying a bulky and heavy gas bottle is hard and risky, a small and easily portable calibration gas cylinder was developed for that purpose.
One widely used technique for measuring gaseous emissions is gas chromatography with a suitable detector, as the FID described previously.
Another type of detector for monitoring hydrocarbons is the photoionization detector. The PID has the advantage of requiring no fuel gas, such as hydrogen. But the disadvantage is that it is insensitive to C1-C3 saturated hydrocarbons because these are quite stable compounds that are not easily ionized. When looking for traces of sulfur-containing compounds, for example, a flame photometric detector is suitable. The electron-capture detector is particularly sensitive to halogenated compounds, which in general are easily charged by electron addition.
A gas chromatograph plus mass spectrometer as a detection system is frequently used for identifying compounds in exhaust gases because this combination is not only capable of analyzing small traces but also covers a wide range of chemical species to be measured.
Vapor emission control
Also of concern are volatile organic substances (characterized by high vapor pressure and low water solubility) typically emitted from storage tanks. Every refinery has its own tank farm whose tanks contain crude oil and such refined products as gasoline, diesel, and kerosine.
During the filling of these tanks, air or inert gas saturated with hydrocarbon vapors necessarily emanates from the tanks. Furthermore some of these products have a high vapor pressure, which also results in vapors being released. These substances pose potential safety and environmental hazards and must be monitored.
To determine their content, they often are analyzed by a gas chromatograph-FID combination because they are hydrocarbons. The standard against which the offgas is measured is artificial air produced as a specialty gas with a precisely adjusted content of the pollutants in question, often in the parts-per-billion range.
Gas-production plants
Gases used in major quantities in refineries are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; all three can be produced in refinery-based gas production plants.
Hydrogen can be produced from practically all hydrocarbons, methane up to naphtha, heavy oil, asphalt, or coal. The processes involved may be steam reforming, autothermal reforming, gasification, and prereforming.
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