Akhlaghi, M., Shabanian, G., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Parvin, N., Saadat, M., and Akhlaghi, M. Citrus aurantium blossom and preoperative anxiety. Rev Bras.Anestesiol. ;61(6):702-712. View abstract.
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Campbell-Tofte, J. I., Molgaard, P., Josefsen, K., Abdallah, Z., Hansen, S. H., Cornett, C., Mu, H., Richter, E. A., Petersen, H. W., Norregaard, J. C., and Winther, K. Randomized and double-blinded pilot clinical study of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea, as used in Nigerian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 1-27-;133(2):402-411. View abstract.
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Heydari N, Abootalebi M, Jamalimoghadam N, Kasraeian M, Emamghoreishi M, Akbarzadeh M. Investigation of the effect of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium blossom essential oil on premenstrual syndrome in university students: A clinical trial study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. ;32:1-5. View abstract.
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Jung YP, Earnest CP, Koozehchian M, et al. Effects of ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. ;3;14:1. doi: 10./s-016--3. View abstract.
Karimzadeh Z, Azizzadeh Forouzi M, Rahiminezhad E, Ahmadinejad M, Dehghan M. The Effects of Lavender and Citrus aurantium on Anxiety and Agitation of the Conscious Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Parallel Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biomed Res Int ;:. View abstract.
Karimzadeh Z, Azizzadeh Forouzi M, Tajadini H, Ahmadinejad M, Roy C, Dehghan M. Effects of lavender and Citrus aurantium on pain of conscious intensive care unit patients: a parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med :S-(21)-6. Online ahead of print. View abstract.
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This article covers all you need to know about bitter orange, including its role in weight loss and skin health, as well as its overall safety as a supplement.
Thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, it&#;s now found throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, the South Sea Islands, Europe, and Western and Southern Africa ( 2 ).
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), also known as sour orange and Seville orange, is a citrus fruit with a multitude of uses. It&#;s commonly used in complementary medicine, herbal weight loss supplements, and certain foods and toppings like marmalade ( 1 , 2 , 3 ).
Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with dimpled skin and potent plant compounds that are extracted and used in a variety of supplements.
Essential oils and powdered and liquid supplement forms are available as well.
Bitter orange contains several potent plant compounds that are sometimes extracted from the dried peel to make dietary supplements. The patented extract of bitter orange, p-synephrine, is sold in capsule form as the herbal weight loss supplements Advantra Z and Kinetiq ( 4 ).
There are 23 cultivars of the fruit, the most prominent of which is Bergamot. You can expect some varieties to be more bitter than others.
Oval or oblong in shape, the fruit is red-orange when ripe and has a distinctively thick, dimpled skin. True to its name, it&#;s very bitter ( 2 ).
The bitter orange plant thrives in subtropical regions but can withstand adverse environmental conditions like frost for short periods ( 2 ).
The plant compounds in bitter orange, which are called protoalkaloids, have been used for over 20 years in supplements for weight loss, athletic performance, skin care, appetite control, and brain health, as well as perfumery (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8).
P-synephrine, the main extract from bitter orange, has a similar structure to ephedrine, the main component of the herbal weight loss supplement ephedra (8).
This supplement was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because it raised blood pressure, increased heart rate, and caused heart attacks and stroke among some consumers (1, 3, 7).
In addition, p-synephrine is structurally similar to your flight-or-fight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also increase your heart rate (1, 4).
As such, the safety of bitter orange extract has been called into question.
However, several studies have shown that bitter orange extracts and the plant&#;s natural uses neither harm your heart and nervous system nor excite nervous system activity, as some stimulants do (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9).
Furthermore, at least one study has claimed that p-synephrine shouldn&#;t be classified as a stimulant (4).
P-synephrine is also found in other citrus fruits and their juices, such as mandarins and clementines (4, 7).
Like other citrus fruits, bitter orange provides limonene &#; a compound shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties (10, 11, 12).
Population studies suggest that limonene may prevent certain cancers, namely colon cancer. However, more rigorous human research is needed (13).
An ongoing study is also exploring the use of limonene as a treatment for COVID-19. However, the results are not yet known. Bear in mind that limonene cannot prevent or cure COVID-19 (12).
Another protoalkaloid found in bitter orange is p-octopamine. However, little to no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange extracts. Moreover, it&#;s thought to be metabolized very rapidly in your liver when consumed from the whole fruit (3, 5).
Likewise, it doesn&#;t appear to exert any beneficial or adverse effects on your body.
The leaves of the bitter orange plant are rich in vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant. What&#;s more, its peel has a high content of flavonoids, which are potent antioxidants with high medicinal value (2, 14).
Antioxidants are substances that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage. They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk (15, 16).
SummaryProtoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. They have been shown to be safe for consumption.
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